2009年3月6日 星期五
[新聞] 奧巴馬指年內啟動醫保體系改革
美國總統奧巴馬(相關)在5日電視直播的講話中表示,由於不斷增長的醫療開支已威脅到美國民眾的生活品質和美國經濟的根本基礎,全面改革美國醫療保健系統的計劃一定要在今年年內啟動。奧巴馬當日在白宮與百多名國會議員、醫生、醫院管理人員和醫療改革倡導者商討醫療改革計劃細節前表示,醫療改革不再僅僅是道義上的當務之急,而且是財政上的當務之急。
如果要創造就業機會、重建經濟和控制聯邦預算開支,那麼就必須從今年開始實施醫療改革,解決醫療費用過高的問題。奧巴馬指出,在制訂具體改革方案的過程中他將聽取多方意見,並表示儘管他的初衷是希望所有美國公民都能獲得醫療保險,但為了盡快達成改革共識他願意作出一些妥協。除當日在白宮舉行醫療改革會議外,奧巴馬還準備在未來幾周內在全國5個地區分別舉行類似會議,以盡快就醫改方案達成全國性共識。
美國國會兩黨人士對奧巴馬的講話給予支持,並表示爭取在今年夏天結束前通過醫療改革法案。美國的醫療開支為世界之最,但效率欠佳,公平性差,至今仍有約15%的美國人沒有醫療保險。近20年來,美國歷屆政府想過各種辦法進行改革,但成效甚微。克林頓(相關)政府在上世紀90年代試圖推行全民醫療保險計劃但遭到失敗。醫療改革是奧巴馬國內政策重點之一,他主張在擴大醫療保險覆蓋範圍的同時控制醫療費用的增長。民調顯示大多數民眾支持改革醫療體系。但由於目前美國財政困難和相關利益集團的阻撓,推行醫改仍面臨很多困難。
[新聞] Inclusive Obama healthcare approach invites a fight
Source: Thu Mar 5, 2009 5:34pm EST, Retuers
By Maggie Fox, Health and Science Editor - Analysis
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A White House forum on healthcare started on Thursday and included a range of players, from health policy experts who want guaranteed health insurance to lawmakers who want to focus on saving money. But any eventual reform is likely to be a patchwork of compromises.
President Barack Obama has said he wants a wide buy-in to whatever plan emerges.
He knows that healthcare reform has defeated many before him. But he also knows he has three big advantages this time: the ballooning cost of private and public health insurance, the economic recession, and widespread agreement that the U.S. system does not work any more.
He is framing his healthcare reform proposals as a way to fix the economy, create new jobs and reduce deficits.
"This time, the call for reform is coming from the bottom up and from all across the spectrum -- from doctors, from nurses, from patients; from unions, from businesses; from hospitals, health care providers, community groups," Obama told the opening session of his meeting.
Yet in almost the next breath, he made clear he is going to allow, even encourage, a debate about how to get there.
What is needed:
* Coverage for some or all of the 46 million Americans who do not have health insurance.
* A way to reduce premiums employers and the 160 million people who get health insurance through their jobs.
* Ways to cut the ballooning costs to state and federal governments of Medicare and Medicaid, the government healthcare programs for the elderly, which threaten to overwhelm budgets within the next 15 years.
* A way to trim and coordinate the way Americans receive care -- one that allows sharing of medical information while reducing unneeded tests and procedures, preventing mistakes, and enhancing health instead of focusing on disease.
ALL OPTIONS ON THE TABLE
"Every option must be on the table," Obama said. "Now, as we work to determine the details of health care reform, we won't always see eye to eye. We may disagree -- and disagree strongly -- about particular measures."
House of Representatives Republican Leader John Boehner was quick to oblige with some fighting words.
"Taxpayers cannot afford to subsidize a bureaucratic takeover of healthcare with a massive tax hike on all Americans, particularly in these troubled economic times," he said in a statement.
"In addition, we believe families and their physicians should make decisions about what treatments are 'appropriate,' not government bureaucrats."
A residue of mistrust dating back to earlier attempts to overhaul the healthcare system persists.
"We saw interest groups at the beginning of that health reform initiative sound supportive," said Judy Feder of the left-leaning Center for American Progress Action Fund, who worked on former President Bill Clinton's failed attempt to overhaul the system in the 1990s.
"They then turned and used all their resources to fight reform and ensure failure," said Feder, who blamed the private health insurance industry in particular. "This time we are not going to let them get away with it."
Feder believes Obama will allow some debate but will not let it delay his delivery of some kind of overhaul of the system the end of the year. "I don't think we should confuse his open door with being a doormat," she said.
Obama has made clear that outright nationalization of the healthcare system, as in countries like Britain and Canada, is not on the cards.
"The other things being proposed will not work," said Dr. Steffie Woolhandler, a Harvard University medicine professor who helped found Physicians for a National Health Plan, which advocates such a system.
The middle ground appears to lie in a combination of expanding federal programs such as Medicare, some kind of legislation to broaden the offerings from private insurers, and gentle encouragements to streamline medical care delivery.
"We want to see a system where people have a choice of public and private health insurance plans," said Health Care for America Now's Richard Kirsch.
(Editing by Chris Wilson)
2009年3月2日 星期一
從美國醫改看政府角色
美國一直都是國際醫療創新的龍頭,但現在卻必須進行醫療改革,出現了什麼問題嗎?數字說明一切。根據世界經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)的資料,在1986年美國醫療費用佔GDP的比例從約10.2%,2005年上升到15.3%。德國和法國的數字一直穩定在10%上下,日本和英國則是在1986到2005年緩慢穩定地從6%上升至8%。所以,美國的醫療費用有偏高的現象,但高費用有帶來高滿意度嗎?答案很明顯地是,沒有。
美國醫療保險制度的形成有其特殊背景。二次大戰後,很多私人公司無法提高薪資,便以提供醫療保險為誘因吸引好員工。政府樂觀其成,並提供租稅優惠鼓勵。因此從一九六五年以來,美國醫療體系的基本架構一直未曾改變。政府為老人和窮人提供醫療保險;好公司為好員工提供員工醫療保險;無緣獲得員工醫療保險、又有能力負擔的人,則購買個人醫療保險;但若沒有工作又沒有錢買醫療保險的美國人就只能過著提心吊膽的生活。基本架構沒變,但不同族群內的數量卻開始出現變化。醫療保險費用的高漲,使得私人公司逐漸無力負擔而想辦法刪減給員工的福利。因此,有保險的人越來越少,沒有保險的人越來越多。專家預估如果不採取行動,到了2019年,美國65歲以下沒有醫療保險的人數,可能從目前的4500萬人,增加至5400萬人。
為什麼美國醫療保險愈來愈貴?諾貝爾經濟獎得主保羅克魯曼認為這是因為醫療進步。醫療科技進步意味醫師可以治療許多以前無法治療的疾病,但醫療費用也隨之增加。保險公司會支付這些治療,但收取的保費也提高。聽起來很弔詭。醫療創新滿足人的需求,但也需要有人買單;醫療技術愈先進,人們所需付的費用也就愈高。創新在開始導入市場時,價格都會明顯偏高。所以,美國比其他國家擁有較多的醫療創新,美國人比其它國家的人有機會比較早得到好的治療。但也因此,美國人也比其他國家的人必須付出更多的醫療保險費用,結果付不出高醫療保險費用的美國人也越來越多。
站在社會利益的角度,面對逐漸增加的無保險族群,美國政府已經開始思考是否應該進入保險業提供民眾另一種選擇,或者甚至推出全民健康保險。當柯林頓競選總統時,他的政策團隊已經提出類似想法,但因為遭到保險業和藥品業的反對,最後未能成案。這次歐巴馬再提醫療改革案,將焦點集中於削減醫療費用,在經濟衰退的陰影下,民眾支持比例大幅上升。我們必須注意的是,當政府的手伸入醫療自由市場後,會產生何種連鎖效應?從民眾觀點,這是好事,因為價格會被控制在合理範圍內。從藥品研發觀點,這是壞事,政府議價力量強,這意味藥品業的利潤將被壓縮,也因此不利於新藥研發投資。
或許有人想舉台灣全民健康保險的例子來說明政府介入是件好事,但必須注意的是台灣的新藥大都是進口藥,本土新藥研發廠商不多。所以,政府的介入讓醫療價格控制在某個範圍內,但因台灣新藥研發產業本來就弱,政府的介入並未對其有打擊的效果,頂多讓它更難有發展的新機會罷了。不過,台灣全民健康保險對口藥絕對有很大的影響,政府的議價能力已經讓有些藥品放棄台灣市場。所以,全民健康保險對台灣醫藥產業並非沒有負面影響,只是這些被打擊到的廠商不是無力回應就是直接離開。
政府的介入有好處也有壞處,而決定政府是否該介入以及該怎麼介入的因素,就在於市場發展狀況。當市場供需平衡點還處於混沌未明時,政府應該去點燃需求的火加速市場發展,就像美國政府當初提供租稅優惠鼓勵私人公司提供員工健康保險。但若市場供給過度發展以致出市場失靈的狀況,此時政府應該介入去穩定價格,讓大多數的人都可以享有合理價格的醫療服務,就像美國目前規劃進行的醫療改革。簡而言之,政府的介入應在於調節市場供需,而非控制市場發展。
A Disruptive Solution for Health Care
By Clayton M. Christensen and Jason Hwang
President Obama has advocated spending $20 billion to modernize the medical records and information systems of health-care providers, the vast majority of whom remain tied to their error-prone and inefficient pen-and-paper systems of yesteryear. The benefits of updating our health information infrastructure seem clear: It will reduce preventable medical errors, avoid the costs of unnecessary or duplicate testing, and cut into some of the paperwork and red tape that continues to drive frustrated clinicians out of practice.
And the power of health IT goes beyond simple record-keeping. The ability to mine vast amounts of data much more easily would be a boon for research and development of new therapeutics, as well as post-launch monitoring. It was 's expansive clinical database that allowed its researchers to identify problems with Merck's (MRK) Vioxx well before the drug was pulled off the market in 2004.
Why Providers Resist Change
Indeed, President Obama's ambitious initiative could be framed as yet another important step toward fixing some of the deadly systemic problems highlighted by the Institute of Medicine in 1999, which revealed that medical errors caused as many deaths as the crashes of 200 jumbo jets each year. But how can we best ensure success in upgrading a health-care system that, despite constantly adapting to new medical technologies and therapeutics, paradoxically seems unable to step into the digital information age? And will $20 billion even begin to make a dent?
The answers lie in understanding the concept of disruptive innovation, which explains how successful and dominant businesses can be completely upended by new players that enter the marketplace using markedly different business models. First, it's important to understand that incumbent businesses have every incentive to maintain the practices and processes that made them successful to begin with. Any attempt to alter the way things are done, particularly if change threatens profitability, is almost always met with resistance.
Yet this sort of change is exactly what most health IT "interoperability" and "standards" proponents are asking hospital systems and physician practices to do. Nearly all of these providers have figured out a path to succeed in the existing system—their personnel, their work routines, and their budgets have all interlocked together to form business models that work. Very few of them are clamoring for a health IT system that does not fit with their existing resources and operations. Cajoling reluctant providers to modernize their health IT systems is an exercise sure to result in tremendous frustration among all stakeholders and waste far greater amounts of money than the huge sums already put forth. It's akin to trying to convince all the professional sports leagues to begin scoring their games in a uniform way. Everyone would likely agree that keeping score is important, but such a change would so fundamentally alter the way games are played within each individual league that it would be impossible to introduce—despite its potential benefits.
Start with Excluded Customers
So if change is so difficult, how does an industry ever introduce greater quality, efficiency, and affordability? Disruptive innovations have been able to do this over and over in a myriad of industries by initially taking root and introducing change in areas of "nonconsumption." As I outline in The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care, these are markets or tiers of customers that are normally ignored by the leading incumbents because they don't have the money or skill to purchase and use their products and services.
But by specifically targeting these customers who have been excluded from the traditional marketplace, disruptive business models can first establish a foothold outside the normal competitive space before moving in to compete against the incumbent firms.
Consider tools made by SimulConsult, which help physicians make diagnoses that previously required referrals to costlier specialists. SimulConsult's online medical-decision support tool analyzes information from physicians about a patient's condition, and then suggests likely diagnoses, based on information about diseases collected in a wiki-like fashion from a large peer-reviewed community of experts. Similar systems for consumer use are being developed to help patients decide when it's time to seek medical care.
Similarly, we expect health IT to make its initial impact not via a nationwide, interoperable system based on open standards, but rather in the nonconsuming periphery of the health-care provider value network. Retail clinics, fitness centers, nutrition stores, health spas, beauty centers, and alternative medicine facilities are all entities that are typically excluded from discussions about health IT, but they have strong incentives to move upmarket and mesh their offerings and data systems with traditional providers. These business models also often work outside of the constraining environment of insurance and reimbursement, dealing directly with patients and through cash transactions. This creates fertile ground for personally controlled electronic health records, as patients would have much greater reason to manage their data in addition to their dollars.
Forget the Top-Down Approach
A growing number of health information systems, such as PAMFOnline from Palo Alto Medical Foundation, already give patients electronic access to their data. The systems let people retrieve test results, verify prescriptions, and double-check doctors' recommendations online. Now mainly used for one-way communication, these tools will eventually give patients greater leeway to contribute to the data themselves. Google (GOOG) and Microsoft (MSFT) have created tools that help patients generate and maintain health records online, removing one of the biggest obstacles to switching providers.
Upgrades to our health IT infrastructure will happen soon; the advantages of business models that employ innovative health data models make this a certainty. But while the government tries to implement a universal solution from the top down, it will quickly discover that homegrown solutions are already bubbling up in all sorts of places.
Christensen is the Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and co-founder of Innosight and Innosight Institute. Hwang is a doctor of medicine and Senior Strategist for the Healthcare Practice at Innosight and Executive Director of Healthcare at Innosight Institute. They are co-authors, with the late Jerome Grossman, of The Innovator's Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care
2009年2月26日 星期四
長期照顧保險 不可貿然推動
馬總統競選政見主張:「推動長期照護保險與立法,4年內上路。」自去年5月上任後,循全民健保規劃的模式,先由經建會研究長期照顧保險架構,對於推動長期照顧保險不遺餘力。民國98年1月21日劉兆玄院長聽取經建會「長期照護保險規劃初步構想」報告後,宣誓於98年底提出長照保險法案;春節期間,探視老人養護機構時,劉院長再次宣誓規劃長期照護保險在民國99年上路。足見行政院在推動長期照護保險上,將原本預計101年上路的法案,進度超前似乎拼政績之嫌,並未顧及民間團體提出長期照顧保險,不宜貿然上路的殷切呼籲。
先建構完善體系
行政院將長照保險在99年上路,在缺乏完善體系規劃下,可能促使長期照顧走向機構化、大型化、財團化、醫療化、商品化的問題。民間社福團體擔心的是,一旦長照保險加速開辦,一是,大量開放醫院開辦長期照顧服務,恐讓長期照顧趨向醫療化;二是,社區式、居家式服務尚未建構完善,保險給付一出現,台灣的老人照顧將傾向機構式照顧,與在地老化、社區化的政策目標背道而馳,實非老人之福;三是,從台灣健保的經驗觀之,開辦保險可能供給創造需求,未來沉重的財務負擔,值得政府慎思;四是,長期照顧服務輸送體系嚴重不足,以台灣全民健保的規模,偏遠地區民眾就醫仍相當不便,更何況長期照顧是一項須結合不同專業及服務,才能滿足失能者的需要,其複雜度高,依目前服務資源城鄉嚴重落差的情況下,若貿然推動長期照顧保險,偏遠地區民眾仍得不到妥善照顧,相當不公平。政府當務之急應該是解決偏遠地區照顧服務的就近性問題,而非倉促地端出「長期照顧保險」的大餅,因為在長期照顧基礎建設尚未打好基礎之前,我們如何相信可以提供失能者及其家庭公平且有品質的照顧服務呢!
有鑑於此,長期照顧服務輸送體系的建立是長照制度成敗的關鍵,我們強烈建議政府多聽取、採納民間實務工作團體的建言,應先將建構完善服務輸送體系,再循序漸進檢討採取稅收制或保險制作為財務規劃系統。
若在服務輸送體系未完善建置之前,即貿然實施保險制度,將重蹈全民健康保險服務資源分布不均、服務提供者大型化壟斷的嚴重缺失。另外,保險制度只是長期照顧財源的選項之一,推動保險必須建構完備的服務輸送體系,否則未來費率計算基準為何?如何估算服務提供量?服務提供單位的分布是否平均?服務的品質如何保證?
日本花10年推動
在此,我們建議仿照日本推動黃金計劃(1989年12月)、新黃金計劃(1994年)的經驗,先用稅收的財源方式,擴充服務的供給量、服務提供單位的數量、各項服務人力的培育,通過《介護保險法》(1997年),再施行介護保險(2000年)(開辦時,日本的老人人口為17.2%)。顯而易見,以日本這樣先進國家為例,花十年時間建構服務體系,才實施長照保險。反觀台灣,我們真的準備好了嗎?
96年度政府推動的「長期照顧十年計劃」就是一項長期照顧的基礎工程,事實上,長期照顧保險與長照十年計劃息息相關,所以我們呼籲「長期照顧保險」的推動應有延續性,循序性,現階段應繼續建置完善的長期照顧體系為先,以利日後長期照顧保險能順利推展,才能達到事半功倍之效。
(作者為老人福利推動聯盟秘書長)
長照保險 不要倉卒上路
政府規畫長期照護保險將於明年上路,擬採強制性保險,全民納保,保費約為現行健保費用八分之一;而長期照護保險的財務將獨立,且運用現行健保行政資源,由健保局代收費用。長期照護保險作為我國社會保險體系的第五大支柱,其開辦實有其歷史意義;但令人意外地是,此一立意甚佳的社會保險制度,卻在媒體批露消息後,遭致若干的嚴厲批評,何故?個人認為可從幾個面向來思考:
首先,相較於德國歷經二十餘年的政策辯論與共識形成,國內不僅在公共政策的論述中,始終處於邊緣地位,也僅在少數家庭發生人倫悲劇時,方能獲致媒體關注。基本上,臺灣社會對此一長期照護需求是缺乏共識的。正因如此,長期照護需求性被視為是一種「社會風險」,必須透過具強制性的社會保障體系來解決。
倘若社會中仍是將長期照護需求性視為是「個人風險」,誰碰到誰倒楣,碰上了就必須靠自身或家庭成員來解決的話,討論長期照護體系的建立,就成為了一種奢談了。惟這樣一種開辦長期照護保險所隱含展現社會團結與連帶的意義,卻未獲凸顯,反倒淹沒在強調將可創造二十萬個就業機會的數據中,實屬可惜。
其次,德國在各種主要的辯論焦點,例如究竟應採私人長期照護保險方式或強制社會保險方式、應否將解決方式整合入現行健康保險或年金保險體系,或另行開辦獨立的長期照護保險、長期照護保險財務應採隨收隨支之循環程序或採公積金之資本積累程序…等,皆有熱烈辯論,各政黨總計提出十七個草案版本。反觀國內,不僅執政黨未能提出較為完善的政策說明與影響評估外,同樣地,在野黨也提不出另類政策版本。朝野皆以草率粗糙的方式處理,實令人扼腕。
再者,德國長期照護保險揭示了二個重要的施行原則:居家照護的優先性及預防與復健的優先性。所謂居家照護的優先性乃是長期照護是以支持居家照護,以及家庭成員或鄰居之照護提供為優先,藉此,照護需求者將可長時期地停留在原有的居家環境中,由其所信任的人來照護。而這種考量更隱含了一種潛在的要求,即希望儘可能維持傳統家庭照護的功能,並發展出透過鄰居或其他社會網絡的協助照護。
在此,不僅照護需求者的主觀感受與意願受到尊重,同時也得以滿足其情感依附的需求。在這樣的原則指引下,德國長期照護保險係分階段施行:第一階段辦理有關居家照護的各種給付;第二階段則辦理涉及養(照)護機構之各項給付。
反觀國內,此次長期照護保險的規畫,非但缺乏類似的原則揭櫫與制度設計,更引發此一保險的開辦將與人性化、在地化及社區化的照護理念背道而馳,而有利於醫療式的大型養護院所林立之疑慮。執政團隊的政策規畫與溝通能力,實待進一步地加強與改進。
(作者為聯合大學資訊與社會研究所助理教授)
長期照護行不行
保險的原意在於以大數法則分擔不可預期的風險。例如,疾病和死亡是無法預期的,但發生時會對我們造成極大的影響,所以我們選擇在健康時繳納保費以應付事情發生所需的費用。其基本假設是,在同時間內健康的人多於生病的人,一個人健康的時間多於他不健康的時間,所以才能以大量小額保險費用支應小量大額費用。全民健保即是在這樣的理念下誕生的。
但長期照護是否應比照全民健保以保險的方式實施?
首先,我們必須回歸需求的本質,長期照護是針對年老失能者提供照護服務。人隨著年齡增長會出現老化是不可避免的,但年老不一定會失能。所以,要探討的是老年失能是否可早期預防。有人七十多歲仍然可以單車環島,有人七十多歲待在養老院鎮日發呆;有人辛勤工作為老年儲備生活費,有人揮霍歲月以至老年時生活困頓。兩者的年老光景不同,這全是命運使然嗎?
固然有不可控制的因素存在,但大部分的人還是具有掌握自己老年生活品質的能力。既非是不可預期的結果,用保險制度來規畫長期照護,就會出現大量逆向選擇的結果;努力辛勤工作繳納保費者,大都是有能力儲存自己未來的人,年老時很有可能不會使用政府的長期照護服務。年輕時未對人生做好規畫的人,反而可能是使用長期照護服務的大宗族群。因此,用保險制度來規畫長期照護,反而會出現社會不公的現象,變相懲罰認真照顧自己健康的人。
我們需要怎麼樣的政策,首先要回答的問題是國家未來願景是什麼。是的,我們知道未來十年二十年後,台灣的老年人口比例會大幅上升。但是,想像中的台灣老年社會是什麼樣的光景?
是一群沉寂的老人,終日待在自己房間看電視,等待有人定期送三餐及來幫忙擦澡?還是一群活躍的老人,終日忙碌於自己喜歡的活動,唱歌跳舞外還有餘力幫助他人?如果是前者,政策需要將主要的資源放置在如何提供照護服務。如果是後者,政策就必須提供誘因讓民眾起身以行動去創造自己的高品質老年生活。
高品質的生活並不一定是高成本,健康也不是只有富人才能擁有。當台灣努力從開發中國家邁向已開發國家時,我們犧牲生活環境來換取經濟成長。長期忽視維持健康生活型態的結果,造就了用金錢換取健康的惡習。有錢的人用奢華的健身房及高價健康食品來維持自己的健康,沒有錢的人則等到有病痛時再用便宜的醫療系統回復健康。大家都懂無法用金錢換取健康的道理,卻又不由自主地重覆這樣的行為。
我們準備好了嗎?從政府所端出菜單來看,似乎離準備好還有一段距離。
全民健保能夠順利執行,乃因我們有優秀的醫護專業從業人員為基礎,責任感讓他們面對收入減少的狀況下依舊堅守崗位。但長期照護並沒有這樣的人力資源基礎,照護服務人力不足的情況下,服務品質勢必受影響。不好的服務品質又該如何說服民眾繳納保費。再者,從人口結構來看,未來的趨勢是老人人口比例上升,換算之下,每位勞動人口所需負擔的保費只會逐年上升,卻不見政府有任何控制成本的政策規畫。
日本是已經實施長期照護制度的國家,但是必須注意的是,日本從去年也立法針對上班族開始實施強制的健康管理,要求健康狀況不合標準的民眾必須進行改善動作,以免日後財政負擔過重。德國也有搭配鼓勵民眾進行健康管理的措施。政策規畫者有學習它國的精神,很值得鼓勵。但是,學習不能只學一半,需要全面的思考規畫。
(作者為醫療健康產業研究人員)